You are not alone. Millions of Americans have gum disease: gingivitis or periodontitis.

The disease is the body’s response to a bacterial infection in your gum tissue. Common symptoms of oral bacterial infections in the gum tissue include:

• Bleeding gums when brushing or flossing
• Receding gums (teeth appear longer)
• Obvious plaque, tartar or calculus
• Spaces developing between your teeth
• Swollen, red or tender gums
• Persistent bad breath
• Sensitive teeth
• Teeth are loose or mobile

Image of biofilm from a periodontal pocket.

Bacterial infections develop when food, bacteria, and tartar are left on the teeth. In the beginning, an infection can develop along the gum line. The bacteria form a community called a biofilm that grows down into the space or pocket that develops between the teeth and gum tissue. The biofilm is protected by a slimy covering produced by the bacteria in the community.

As the aerobic bacteria in the biofilm consume the oxygen in the pocket, the microbiological environment of the pocket is more suitable for dangerous anaerobic (no oxygen) bacteria. Biofilms grow rapidly and need to be managed every day. Brushing, flossing, and regularly scheduled professional cleanings are recommended. But if a biofilm takes root and is left unchecked, biofilms can damage the gums, teeth, and bone. Untreated biofilms may even damage your health.

The three main strategies for the control of biofilms include placing time-released antimicrobial medication below the gum line, placing oxidative agents below the gum line, and physically scraping the biofilm from the teeth and root surfaces. (JADA, August 2009). Dentists also have new laser options that may be appropriate for some patients. It’s important to talk to your doctor and hygienist about your conditions and treatment options. And it is important to treat the disease if you have it.